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What the Constitution says about checks on federal courts

Article. III.

Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section. 2.

[Clause 1 omitted] Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

In other words, the Congress can establish federal appellate courts as it wishes, regulate them, and abolish them. The only federal court that must exist is the Supreme Court, and only has the inherent authority to hear cases involving ambassadors and such, or when a state is a party to a lawsuit. Otherwise, the Congress can limit the Supreme Court’s (and thus all other federal court’s) jurisdiction. That’s what the law of the land, the U.S. Constitution, says.